Peers elevated to the House of Lords after a career in the House of Commons are often merely being rewarded for loyalty – new study

By Stephen Holden Bates, Senior Lecturer in Political Science, University of Birmingham
Caroline Bhattacharya, Doctoral Researcher, Doctoral Programme in Political, Societal and Regional Change, University of Helsinki, University of Helsinki
William C.R. Horncastle, Senior lecturer in Applied Social Sciences, University of Bedfordshire

Peers who used to be MPs are more likely to be male, white and older – and their loyalty to their party is often a significant factor in their appointment.

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