Who chooses to work, and who is forced to, after retirement?

By Takao Maruyama, Assistant Professor in Business Analytics, University of Bradford
Vincent Charles, Reader in AI for Business and Management Science, Queen's University Belfast

The state pension age in the UK is currently 66. Yet 9.5% of people aged 66 and older (1.12 million people) were still working, according to the most recent data from the UK’s Annual Population Survey (July 2023 to June 2024). This figure has been rising over the past decade, increasing from 8.70% (880,000 people) in July 2013 to June 2014.

We think of retirement as a time to pursue hobbies, relax and enjoy the fruits of our labour. So why then, are so many people still working beyond…

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